As high-density storage gains popularity, more facilities are using high-lift forklifts, like order pickers, turret trucks, and reach trucks. This specialized equipment comes with its own set of safety considerations.
Contributing Editor Toby Gooley is a writer and editor specializing in supply chain, logistics, and material handling, and a lecturer at MIT's Center for Transportation & Logistics. She previously was Senior Editor at DC VELOCITY and Editor of DCV's sister publication, CSCMP's Supply Chain Quarterly. Prior to joining AGiLE Business Media in 2007, she spent 20 years at Logistics Management magazine as Managing Editor and Senior Editor covering international trade and transportation. Prior to that she was an export traffic manager for 10 years. She holds a B.A. in Asian Studies from Cornell University.
Reach for the sky ... No, we're not talking about gunslingers in the Wild West. Instead, that could be the new mantra for warehouse and distribution center operators as they seek to maximize storage space by using high-bay facilities with narrow aisles and racks that seem to get taller by the year.
Lift truck manufacturers have designed electric-powered equipment specifically for this high-density, often narrow-aisle and very narrow-aisle, environment. Examples include reach and stacker trucks, which keep the operator on the ground while the forks and mast rise to the required height for pallet putaway and retrieval, and order pickers and turret trucks, which lift the operator in a compartment or on a platform into the racks for case or piece picking.
How high can they go? That varies greatly depending on the type of truck and the application, but the manufacturers we spoke with offer equipment with a total of 18 different mast heights, ranging from 17.5 feet to 59 feet. Several manufacturers said that customers are asking to go still higher.
Because these lift trucks perform their work at such great heights, there are a number of safety considerations associated with this type of equipment. Here's a quick overview.
STABILITY IS NUMBER ONE
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) safety standard B56.1-2012, administered by the Industrial Truck Standards Development Foundation (ITSDF), applies to high-lift trucks. It covers everything from fall protection and braking requirements to compliance testing and maintenance. The standard is not just for equipment manufacturers, though; it also defines safety requirements for users and has been adopted by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (The B56 standards for all types of lift trucks are available at no charge at www.itsdf.org/pB56.asp.)
With high-reach trucks, stability is the critical safety issue. Four main factors come into play here. The first is the vehicle's legs, known as outriggers. With a standard sit-down counterbalanced truck, the higher you go, the less weight you can lift because the truck's center of gravity shifts forward as the load ascends, says Tony Kordes, product manager at UniCarriers. But high-reach trucks generally can carry more consistent weights regardless of height because "they straddle the load with outriggers, so the center of gravity is close to the mast," he says. Higher lifts call for wider outriggers, which also have to absorb lateral loads to prevent tipping as the truck leans left or right, Kordes adds.
The second element is the mast. As it rises by means of a series of stages, or sliding extensions, it becomes subject to twisting, swaying (particularly when the operator moves around), side bowing, and leaning forward ("deflection"). "This means the mast should be rigid enough to minimize sway and have the ability to evenly distribute load forces throughout the frame," says Matt Barrow, product manager for Yale Materials Handling Corp. How effectively a mast does that varies with the manufacturer, the mast design, and the type of truck, but strong torsional rigidity is a must.
Some manufacturers have software that helps to keep the mast steady. Cat Lift Trucks, for example, says the Active Sway Control feature available on certain models of its reach trucks uses software to calculate mast sway; it then provides a compensating movement to control acceleration and braking so that the driver's compartment remains stable at all heights.
The third stability factor is the flatness of the floor. "Super-flat floors are required for turret and swing reach trucks because neither their masts nor their carriages tilt to help them compensate for the irregularities of common warehouse floors," says Bruce Dickey, vice president of sales for Narrow Aisle Inc. "This requirement can add significant cost to turret and swing reach truck installations," he notes, adding that flatness requirements for the articulating narrow- and very-narrow-aisle trucks his company provides are much less stringent.
Last is the weight of the battery, says Susan Comfort, product manager, narrow-aisle products, for The Raymond Corp. "The battery needs to be bigger because it has to function as a counterweight for the height. But there's a trade-off: The bigger battery may mean a wider truck, which may limit the width of the aisles where the truck can work," she says.
Because the tall mast may be called on to lift and lower loads (and in certain types of trucks, the operator, too) while the truck is moving, speed must be strictly controlled if stability is to be maintained. As the operator and/or load goes higher, the truck's operating software will automatically reduce the vehicle's speed, says Scott Carlin, electric product support manager at Toyota Material Handling U.S.A.
LOOK OUT BELOW
With order pickers and turret trucks, which elevate the operator, users have a restricted view of what's going on below them, notes Perry Ardito, general manager, warehouse products group North America for Jungheinrich. For that reason, more buyers are investing in warning systems that can detect obstructions, people, and objects in the truck's path. One solution offered by Jungheinrich and some others, particularly in Europe, is a laser system that detects obstructions in front of and behind the truck and will automatically slow or stop the vehicle before it makes contact. Most operator-up trucks have strobe or other warning lights below the platform. Safety cameras and 360-degree lasers are on the drawing board, and some manufacturers offer features that automatically slow or halt the truck at the ends of aisles.
High-lift trucks often have a vertical load backrest to help prevent items from falling off the forks and tumbling onto the operator's platform or to the floor far below. They're also required to have overhead guards to protect operators from falling objects, but these are not designed to protect against very heavy items.
Overhead guards also protect the operator if they bump into obstructions on the ceilings. The latter is a more common problem than you might think. "At 440 inches, you are close to the ceiling, where you may run into lights, heating ducts, and sprinklers," says UniCarriers' Kordes. "Some companies plan for ceiling clearance of the racks, but they don't take into account the load height when a truck takes it off the top rack. They forget that they need four to six additional inches for lifting the load." This can easily be prevented if the truck can be programmed not to lift above a specified height.
A facility design and layout that are not uniform throughout the building can present a safety hazard for high-lift trucks, says Tim Forlow, senior product marketing manager for Crown Equipment Corp. If a roof is graded or has even a slight slope, you'll need to account for the lowest positions of lighting, ducts, and other ceiling-mounted obstructions. Furthermore, tall equipment may work well in one section of a warehouse, but not in another, he says. "People forget that the other section of the warehouse may have different measurements. You have to know what is the collapse height of the truck and make sure the truck can go underneath doors between sections of a DC or tunnels built into rack."
Operator falls are an even bigger worry than falling cases or bumped heads. The ANSI/ITSDF standards and OSHA regulations specify what kind of fall protection is acceptable. For most trucks, the regulations allow a body belt with a self-retracting lanyard, a full-body harness with an energy-absorbing lanyard (maximum six feet in length), or a full-body harness with a self-retracting lanyard. (On its website, OSHA says it "strongly encourages" the use of body harnesses on elevated platforms of all types of powered industrial trucks.) Since 2013, the specifications have been based on the operator's weight, with different requirements for operators weighing less than 220 pounds, from 220 to 310 pounds, and from 311 to 400 pounds. If an operator weighs more than 220 pounds, the truck's capacity must be reduced by an amount equivalent to the operator's weight in excess of 220 pounds.
The belts and harnesses are just one element of fall protection, though. The standards also specify what's permissible in terms of the height and strength of guardrails and cabins, including side gates (must withstand specified pressure), floor covering (non-slip), and pedals or other protuberances (nothing you could trip over).
Another concern is reducing the chances of sudden or inadvertent motion that could catch an operator by surprise and throw him or her off-balance. "To prevent the truck from moving unless activated by the operator," says Yale's Barrow, "man-up trucks can contain built-in interlock functions that will not allow truck operation without proper engagement, such as retractable side gates and floor pedals that cut out traction and hydraulic functions."
What if something goes wrong—say, an operator becomes ill or incapacitated while 30, 40, or 50 feet in the air? A "kill switch" on the control panel can be used to cut the power in an emergency. OSHA also requires that every operator-up truck have a mechanism that allows someone on the ground to slowly lower the operator's platform or cabin.
And if a fire breaks out in a facility with operator-up trucks? Right now, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the standards organization that issues fire-prevention and protection regulations, has no protocol specifically for this situation, says Matt Klaus, principal fire protection engineer and the group's expert on sprinkler systems. These systems are designed to protect goods, equipment, and the building itself, as well as people on the ground. But "if, say, you have six-tiered racks, a sprinkler system isn't designed to suppress and control fire for a person that high up in the air," Klaus says. Because smoke rises, a facility may want to consider a smoke management system in conjunction with its sprinkler system, he suggests.
EXPERIENCE COUNTS
The inherent dangers of operating high-reach equipment have prompted many manufacturers to incorporate technology that enhances safety by taking some of the decision-making away from the operator, Jungheinrich's Ardito says. Some high-lift trucks incorporate software that controls things like direction and speed of travel, cornering speed, angle of steer, and lift height and speed. Jungheinrich's optional Warehouse Navigation System, for example, determines the optimal lift height for order pickers as they travel between picking locations, raising and lowering the operator's platform and the forks to achieve the greatest safety, speed, and efficiency. Another example: Narrow-aisle and very-narrow-aisle trucks may be guided by electromechanical wires embedded in the floor, so the operator doesn't have to steer. This prevents impacts with racks and reduces injuries and accidents; in wide aisles, it allows two trucks to work different sides of the same aisle without worry of collision. In smaller facilities, metal rails bolted to the floor offer similar benefits.
But while technology can go far in making high-lift trucks safer, it can only supplement human knowledge and decision-making. There is no substitute, says Cesar Jimenez, director, product planning, technical and warranty for Toyota Material Handling U.S.A., for a properly trained, experienced, and careful operator who understands the potential dangers of these trucks and will exercise good judgment when operating them.
Can I get a lift?
Looking to buy a high-lift truck? Here are some of the manufacturers that currently provide reach trucks, order pickers, very-narrow-aisle trucks, turret trucks, and other high-lift forklifts in North America. Product lineups vary from one company to another, so be sure to check their websites for up-to-date information about their current offerings.
Supply chain planning (SCP) leaders working on transformation efforts are focused on two major high-impact technology trends, including composite AI and supply chain data governance, according to a study from Gartner, Inc.
"SCP leaders are in the process of developing transformation roadmaps that will prioritize delivering on advanced decision intelligence and automated decision making," Eva Dawkins, Director Analyst in Gartner’s Supply Chain practice, said in a release. "Composite AI, which is the combined application of different AI techniques to improve learning efficiency, will drive the optimization and automation of many planning activities at scale, while supply chain data governance is the foundational key for digital transformation.”
Their pursuit of those roadmaps is often complicated by frequent disruptions and the rapid pace of technological innovation. But Gartner says those leaders can accelerate the realized value of technology investments by facilitating a shift from IT-led to business-led digital leadership, with SCP leaders taking ownership of multidisciplinary teams to advance business operations, channels and products.
“A sound data governance strategy supports advanced technologies, such as composite AI, while also facilitating collaboration throughout the supply chain technology ecosystem,” said Dawkins. “Without attention to data governance, SCP leaders will likely struggle to achieve their expected ROI on key technology investments.”
The British logistics robot vendor Dexory this week said it has raised $80 million in venture funding to support an expansion of its artificial intelligence (AI) powered features, grow its global team, and accelerate the deployment of its autonomous robots.
A “significant focus” continues to be on expanding across the U.S. market, where Dexory is live with customers in seven states and last month opened a U.S. headquarters in Nashville. The Series B will also enhance development and production facilities at its UK headquarters, the firm said.
The “series B” funding round was led by DTCP, with participation from Latitude Ventures, Wave-X and Bootstrap Europe, along with existing investors Atomico, Lakestar, Capnamic, and several angels from the logistics industry. With the close of the round, Dexory has now raised $120 million over the past three years.
Dexory says its product, DexoryView, provides real-time visibility across warehouses of any size through its autonomous mobile robots and AI. The rolling bots use sensor and image data and continuous data collection to perform rapid warehouse scans and create digital twins of warehouse spaces, allowing for optimized performance and future scenario simulations.
Originally announced in September, the move will allow Deutsche Bahn to “fully focus on restructuring the rail infrastructure in Germany and providing climate-friendly passenger and freight transport operations in Germany and Europe,” Werner Gatzer, Chairman of the DB Supervisory Board, said in a release.
For its purchase price, DSV gains an organization with around 72,700 employees at over 1,850 locations. The new owner says it plans to investment around one billion euros in coming years to promote additional growth in German operations. Together, DSV and Schenker will have a combined workforce of approximately 147,000 employees in more than 90 countries, earning pro forma revenue of approximately $43.3 billion (based on 2023 numbers), DSV said.
After removing that unit, Deutsche Bahn retains its core business called the “Systemverbund Bahn,” which includes passenger transport activities in Germany, rail freight activities, operational service units, and railroad infrastructure companies. The DB Group, headquartered in Berlin, employs around 340,000 people.
“We have set clear goals to structurally modernize Deutsche Bahn in the areas of infrastructure, operations and profitability and focus on the core business. The proceeds from the sale will significantly reduce DB’s debt and thus make an important contribution to the financial stability of the DB Group. At the same time, DB Schenker will gain a strong strategic owner in DSV,” Deutsche Bahn CEO Richard Lutz said in a release.
Transportation industry veteran Anne Reinke will become president & CEO of trade group the Intermodal Association of North America (IANA) at the end of the year, stepping into the position from her previous post leading third party logistics (3PL) trade group the Transportation Intermediaries Association (TIA), both organizations said today.
Meanwhile, TIA today announced that insider Christopher Burroughs would fill Reinke’s shoes as president & CEO. Burroughs has been with TIA for 13 years, most recently as its vice president of Government Affairs for the past six years, during which time he oversaw all legislative and regulatory efforts before Congress and the federal agencies.
Before her four years leading TIA, Reinke spent two years as Deputy Assistant Secretary with the U.S. Department of Transportation and 16 years with CSX Corporation.
Serious inland flooding and widespread power outages are likely to sweep across Florida and other Southeast states in coming days with the arrival of Hurricane Helene, which is now predicted to make landfall Thursday evening along Florida’s northwest coast as a major hurricane, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
While the most catastrophic landfall impact is expected in the sparsely-population Big Bend area of Florida, it’s not only sea-front cities that are at risk. Since Helene is an “unusually large storm,” its flooding, rainfall, and high winds won’t be limited only to the Gulf Coast, but are expected to travel hundreds of miles inland, the weather service said. Heavy rainfall is expected to begin in the region even before the storm comes ashore, and the wet conditions will continue to move northward into the southern Appalachians region through Friday, dumping storm total rainfall amounts of up to 18 inches. Specifically, the major flood risk includes the urban areas around Tallahassee, metro Atlanta, and western North Carolina.
In addition to its human toll, the storm could exert serious business impacts, according to the supply chain mapping and monitoring firm Resilinc. Those will be largely triggered by significant flooding, which could halt oil operations, force mandatory evacuations, restrict ports, and disrupt air traffic.
While the storm’s track is currently forecast to miss the critical ports of Miami and New Orleans, it could still hurt operations throughout the Southeast agricultural belt, which produces products like soybeans, cotton, peanuts, corn, and tobacco, according to Everstream Analytics.
That widespread footprint could also hinder supply chain and logistics flows along stretches of interstate highways I-10 and I-75 and on regional rail lines operated by Norfolk Southern and CSX. And Hurricane Helene could also likely impact business operations by unleashing power outages, deep flooding, and wind damage in northern Florida portions of Georgia, Everstream Analytics said.
Before the storm had even touched Florida soil, recovery efforts were already being launched by humanitarian aid group the American Logistics Aid Network (ALAN). In a statement on Wednesday, the group said it is urging residents in the storm's path across the Southeast to heed evacuation notices and safety advisories, and reminding members of the logistics community that their post-storm help could be needed soon. The group will continue to update its Disaster Micro-Site with Hurricane Helene resources and with requests for donated logistics assistance, most of which will start arriving within 24 to 72 hours after the storm’s initial landfall, ALAN said.